Amategeko agenga AI mu Rwanda: Politiki y'Igihugu ya AI, Kurengera Amakuru Bwite n'Amabwiriza agenga Ibigo by'Amakuru

Amategeko agenga AI mu Rwanda ari kuva vuba muri politiki yinjira mu nzego, kandi ibigo by'ubucuruzi byubaka, bigura cyangwa byakira ubwenge buhangano (AI) ubu bihura n'uruvange rw'amategeko ategeka yo kurengera amakuru bwite, impushya z'inzego z'imirimo na politiki ya Leta itera imbere byihuse. Nta tegeko ryihariye rigenga AI riraboneka, ariko ibyo ntibisobanura ko AI itagengwa. Iyi nyobora isobanura amategeko asanzwe akurikizwa, ibyo Politiki y'Igihugu ya AI yiyemeza Leta, uko ibigo by'amakuru bihabwa impushya n'aho amategeko yerekeza. Ku bufasha mu bikorwa by'ubucuruzi n'imishinga, reba serivisi zacu z'amategeko ku bya AI n'ibigo by'amakuru mu Rwanda.

Uko Amategeko agenga AI mu Rwanda Akora Muri Iki Gihe

U Rwanda rugenga AI binyuze mu byiciro bitatu aho kuba itegeko rimwe ryihariye:

• Politiki: Politiki y'Igihugu y'Ubwenge Buhangano, yateguwe na Minisiteri y'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho na Inovasiyo (MINICT) n'Urwego Ngenzuramikorere (RURA), igaragaza icyerekezo cya Leta n'igenamigambi ryo kuyishyira mu bikorwa.
• Itegeko ritegeka: Itegeko Nº 058/2021 ryo ku wa 13/10/2021 ryerekeye kurengera amakuru bwite n'ibanga ryayo rigenga sisitemu yose ya AI itunganya amakuru bwite. Rigenzurwa n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu Gishinzwe Umutekano mu by'Ikoranabuhanga (NCSA).
• Amabwiriza y'inzego z'imirimo: RURA itanga impushya ku bigo by'amakuru n'ibikorwa remezo bya cloud hashingiwe ku murongo w'amategeko agenga ICT, kandi inzego zigenzura buri rwego rw'imirimo zikomeza kugira inshingano kuri AI ikoreshwa mu nzego zazo.

Isura y'inzego na yo iri guhinduka. Muri Werurwe 2025 Leta yagaragaje gahunda yo gushyira AI mu murongo w'amategeko agenga ICT, naho muri Kamena 2026 Inama y'Abaminisitiri yemeje ishyirwaho ry'Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Ubwenge Buhangano. Mu gihe iyi nyandiko yandikwaga, igikoresho cy'amategeko gishyiraho icyo kigo, ububasha bwacyo n'ingengabihe byari bitaratangazwa, kandi ntitwigeze tubona itegeko ryihariye rigenga AI ryatowe. Ni yo mpamvu ibigo by'ubucuruzi bikwiye kubahiriza amategeko akurikizwa uyu munsi, mu gihe byitegura ibisabwa birambuye kurushaho.

Ibyo Politiki y'Igihugu ya AI mu Rwanda Isaba

Uwiteka Politiki y'Igihugu ya AI yashyizwe ahagaragara na MINICT igamije kugira u Rwanda ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry'ubushakashatsi n'udushya muri AI. Ishyiraho ibice bitandatu by'ibanze n'ibyifuzo by'ingenzi bya politiki 14. Ibyo bice bitandatu ni ibi:

• ubumenyi bw'ikinyejana cya 21 n'ubumenyi buhanitse kuri AI;
• ibikorwa remezo byizewe n'ubushobozi bwo kubara (compute);
• ingamba zihamye ku makuru;
• ikoreshwa rya AI yizewe mu nzego za Leta;
• ikoreshwa rya AI rifitiye benshi akamaro mu rwego rw'abikorera; na
• amabwiriza ngenderwaho ashyirwa mu bikorwa ku myitwarire iboneye muri AI.

Politiki si itegeko, ariko inyandiko yuzuye ya politiki n'igenamigambi ryo kuyishyira mu bikorwa byerekana aho amabwiriza yerekeza. Ingingo zireba ibigo by'ubucuruzi mu buryo butaziguye zirimo:

• Amabwiriza y'imyitwarire iboneye: Amabwiriza ya RURA ku Iterambere n'Ishyirwa mu Bikorwa by'Ubwenge Buhangano mu Buryo Bwubahiriza Imyitwarire Iboneye agomba kumenyekanishwa mu bakora ibya AI bose, hamwe n'ihuriro ryo kuganira ku mabwiriza y'imyitwarire iboneye yihariye kuri buri rwego.
• Igerageza rigenzurwa (regulatory sandboxes): igenamigambi riha RURA inshingano yo gutangiza imishinga y'igerageza rya AI (sandbox) kugira ngo ibisubizo bishya bigeragezwe ahantu hagenzurwa.
• Igenzura ry'abatanga serivisi za cloud: riteganya kwandikisha muri NCSA abatanga serivisi za cloud bo mu gihugu n'abo hanze, nk'uko itegeko ryo kurengera amakuru bwite ribiteganya, hagakurikiraho igenzura ry'iyubahirizwa.
• Inzego: ryasabye ko hashyirwaho Ibiro bishinzwe AI Ikoreshwa mu Buryo Bwiyubashye muri MINICT kugira ngo biyobore ishyirwa mu bikorwa.

Mu bikorwa, imiryango ikwiye gufata amabwiriza y'imyitwarire iboneye nk'ibyo urwego rugenzura rwiteze ubu, nubwo ateganyijwe nk'inama ngenderwaho. Kwandika uko igicuruzwa cya AI kiyubahiriza ni intambwe y'ubushishozi mbere yo gukorana n'abakiriya bo mu nzego za Leta cyangwa n'inzego zigenzura.

Amategeko yo Kurengera Amakuru Bwite Akurikizwa kuri Sisitemu za AI

Ku mishinga myinshi ya AI, itegeko ryo kurengera amakuru bwite ni ryo soko y'ingenzi y'inshingano zitegeka. Rireba abagenzura amakuru n'abayatunganya bakorera mu Rwanda, ndetse n'abari hanze y'u Rwanda batunganya amakuru bwite y'abo amakuru yerekeyeho bari mu Rwanda. Ingingo z'ingenzi kuri AI zirimo:

• Kwiyandikisha: umuntu ushaka kuba ugenzura amakuru cyangwa utunganya amakuru agomba kwiyandikisha mu rwego rugenzura, rutanga icyemezo mu minsi 30 y'akazi nyuma yo kwakira ubusabe bwuzuye (Ingingo ya 29 kugeza ku ya 31).
• Ibyemezo bifatwa n'imashini: abo amakuru yerekeyeho bafite uburenganzira bwo kudafatirwa icyemezo gishingiye gusa ku itunganywa ry'amakuru rikoreshwa n'imashini, harimo no gusesengura imiterere y'umuntu (profiling), gitera ingaruka zishingiye ku mategeko cyangwa izindi ngaruka zikomeye nk'izo, uretse mu bihe bike bidasanzwe nko kwemera ku mugaragaro cyangwa iyo ari ngombwa ku masezerano (Ingingo ya 21).
• Isuzuma ry'ingaruka: isuzuma ry'ingaruka ku kurengera amakuru bwite (DPIA) rirasabwa ku itunganywa ry'amakuru rifite ibyago byinshi, harimo isuzuma rihoraho kandi ryagutse ry'abantu rishingiye ku itunganywa rikoreshwa n'imashini no gusesengura imiterere y'umuntu (Ingingo ya 38).
• Kumenyesha ihungabana ry'umutekano w'amakuru: ugenzura amakuru agomba kumenyesha urwego rugenzura mu masaha 48 kuva amenye ko habayeho guhungabanya umutekano w'amakuru bwite, kandi agatanga raporo yuzuye mu masaha 72 (Ingingo ya 43 n'iya 44).

Iyubahirizwa ry'itegeko rirakorwa koko. Hashingiwe ku umutwe w'ibihanoby'iryo tegeko, amakosa yo mu rwego rw'ubutegetsi nko gukora nta cyemezo cyo kwiyandikisha cyangwa kutamenyesha ihungabana ry'umutekano w'amakuru ahanishwa ihazabu ya RWF 2,000,000 kugeza kuri RWF 5,000,000 cyangwa 1% by'igicuruzwa mbumbe cy'umwaka w'ingengo y'imari ubanziriza. Gukoresha cyangwa gutangaza amakuru bwite binyuranyije n'amategeko ni icyaha. Itsinda ryacu rishinzwe kurengera amakuru bwite n'umutekano w'ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu kwiyandikisha, mu isuzuma ry'ingaruka no mu guhangana n'ihungabana ry'umutekano w'amakuru.

Ibigo by'Amakuru mu Rwanda: Impushya no Kubika Amakuru mu Gihugu

Politiki y'Igihugu ya AI ishyira ibikorwa remezo ku isonga. Igenamigambi ryo kuyishyira mu bikorwa ririmo igishushanyo mbonera cy'ikigo kinini cy'amakuru (hyperscale) giteguriwe AI ku rwego rw'umugabane mu Rwanda, kandi riha Urwego rw'Igihugu rw'Iterambere (RDB) inshingano yo kugenera ibigo by'amakuru ubutaka bw'ingenzi. Ku bashoramari, hari ibibazo bitatu by'amategeko byiganje.

1. Amakuru agomba kubikwa he?

Ingingo ya 50 y'itegeko ryo kurengera amakuru bwite iteganya ko abagenzura amakuru n'abayatunganya babika amakuru bwite mu Rwanda. Kuyabika hanze y'u Rwanda byemewe gusa iyo hari icyemezo cyo kwiyandikisha gifite agaciro gitangwa n'urwego rugenzura kibyemera. Kohereza amakuru ku bandi bari mu mahanga bigengwa ukwabyo n'Ingingo ya 48, yemerera kohereza amakuru hashingiwe ku mpamvu nk'uruhushya rwa NCSA hamwe n'ingamba zikwiye zo kuyarinda, kwemera k'uwo amakuru yerekeyeho cyangwa iyo ari ngombwa ku masezerano. Inyandiko yuzuye y'Ingingo ya 48 kugeza ku ya 52 itangazwa n'Ibiro bya NCSA Bishinzwe Kurengera Amakuru Bwite n'Ibanga ryayo, binatanga ifishi yo gusaba uruhushya rwo kubika amakuru hanze y'u Rwanda. Iri hame ryo kubika amakuru mu gihugu ni amahirwe y'ubucuruzi ku bigo by'amakuru byo mu gihugu, kandi ni ingingo yo kubahiriza ku kigo cyose cy'ubucuruzi gishingiye kuri serivisi za cloud zo mu mahanga. Ku isura yagutse y'akarere, soma isesengura ryacu ku amakuru yambukiranya imipaka muri Afurika.

2. Ikigo cy'amakuru gikenera uruhe ruhushya?

Serivisi z'ibigo by'amakuru zihabwa impushya na RURA binyuze ku rubuga rutangirwaho impushya rwayo, hashingiwe ku Itegeko N° 24/2016 rigenga ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'amabwiriza ya RURA agenga impushya z'itumanaho rikoresha ikoranabuhanga. Uruhushya rw'ikigo cy'amakuru cyo ku rwego rwa Tier III rwatangajwe kuri urwo rubuga rugaragaza ubwoko bw'ibisabwa abakora uwo murimo bakwiye kwitega, birimo:

• gukomeza kuba sosiyete yashinzwe hakurikijwe amategeko y'u Rwanda, ibikorwa byayo bikayoborerwa mu Rwanda;
• guhuzwa mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa buziguye n'Ihuriro ry'Itumanaho rya Interineti mu Rwanda (Rwanda Internet Exchange Point);
• kugenzura mu gihe nyacyo amashanyarazi, ibikonjesha, umuyoboro, ubushobozi bwo kubara na sisitemu z'umutekano, ibibazo bikomeye bikamenyeshwa RURA mu minota 15;
• amafaranga y'igenzura ya buri mwaka angana na 1% by'igicuruzwa cy'umwaka n'umusanzu mu Kigega cy'Itumanaho Rigera kuri Bose (Universal Access Fund); na
• inshingano zerekeye kubungabunga ibidukikije no gucunga imyanda y'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.

Urwo ruhushya rureba mu buryo bweruye ibikorwa remezo by'ibigo by'amakuru bya AI, kubara bikoresheje ubushobozi buhanitse (high-performance computing), no gutoza no gukoresha modeli za AI. Ibisabwa kuri buri mushinga bigenwa mu ruhushya rwawo bwite, bityo bikwiye kuganirwaho no gusuzumwa mbere y'irangizwa ry'amasezerano y'inkunga (financial close).

3. Ni izihe nyungu zitangwa ku bashoramari?

Urubuga rwa RDB ku ishoramari mu by'ikoranabuhanga (ICT) rugaragaza igipimo cy'umusoro ku nyungu z'amasosiyete cya 15% ku bigo bya ICT byanditswe, ishobora gusonerwa umusoro mu gihe kigera ku myaka irindwi ku ishoramari rifatika, gusonerwa TVA (VAT) ku bikoresho bimwe na bimwe by'ikoranabuhanga (IT) no korohereza abakozi b'inzobere mu by'abinjira n'abasohoka. Kwemererwa biterwa n'ibisabwa mu murongo w'amategeko agenga ishoramari, dusobanura mu nyobora yacu ku ishoramari mu Rwanda. Imishinga ifite Leta nk'umufatanyabikorwa ishobora kandi gutegurwa nk' ubufatanye hagati ya Leta n'abikorera.

Intambwe Zifatika ku Bigo by'Ubucuruzi Bikoresha cyangwa Byakira AI

• Shushanya imiterere y'amakuru yawe: garagaza amakuru ari bwite cyangwa y'ibanga, aho abitswe n'abatanga serivisi za cloud cyangwa za AI bashobora kuyageraho.
• Iyandikishe kandi wandike: emeza ko wiyandikishije muri NCSA nk'ugenzura cyangwa utunganya amakuru, bika inyandiko z'itunganywa ry'amakuru kandi ukore isuzuma ry'ingaruka ku gusesengura imiterere y'abantu cyangwa ku byemezo bifatwa n'imashini.
• Tegura kubika amakuru mu gihugu: aho amakuru abikwa cyangwa yoherezwa mu mahanga, shaka uruhushya rukwiye rwa NCSA mbere yo gutangira gukora, aho kuba nyuma.
• Kora amasezerano witonze: amasezerano ya AI n'ayo kwakira amakuru (hosting) akwiye kugabanya inshingano zo kurengera amakuru bwite, ibipimo by'umutekano, kumenyesha ibibazo n'uburyozwe. Inyobora yacu ku amasezerano y'ubucuruzi mu Rwanda isobanura iby'ibanze.
• Rinda ibisubizo n'amakuru akoreshwa mu gutoza: sobanura nyir'uburenganzira kuri modeli, ku byegeranyo by'amakuru no ku bisubizo bitangwa, ubifashijwemo n' inama ku mutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge mu Rwanda.
• Kurikirana Ikigo cya AI: kurikirana igikoresho cy'amategeko gishyiraho Ikigo cy'Igihugu cya AI n'amabwiriza yose gishyiraho, kuko bishobora kongeraho inshingano nshya.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Ese u Rwanda rufite itegeko rigenga AI?

Ntiriraboneka. AI igengwa na Politiki y'Igihugu ya AI, amabwiriza ya RURA ku myitwarire iboneye muri AI, itegeko ryo kurengera amakuru bwite n'impushya z'inzego z'imirimo. Leta yagaragaje gahunda yo gushyira AI mu murongo w'amategeko agenga ICT, kandi Inama y'Abaminisitiri yemeje Ikigo cy'Igihugu cya AI muri Kamena 2026.

Ni nde ugenzura AI mu Rwanda?

Inshingano zirasangiwe. MINICT iyobora politiki, RURA yashyizeho amabwiriza ku myitwarire iboneye muri AI kandi igenzura ibikorwa remezo bya ICT, naho NCSA igenzura itunganywa ry'amakuru bwite. Ikigo gishya cy'Igihugu cya AI cyitezweho kugira uruhare rukomeye rwo guhuza ibikorwa nikimara guhabwa inshingano zacyo ku mugaragaro.

Ese amakuru bwite agomba kubikwa mu Rwanda?

Nk'ihame, yego. Ingingo ya 50 y'Itegeko Nº 058/2021 isaba ko amakuru bwite abikwa mu Rwanda, keretse ugenzura cyangwa utunganya amakuru afite icyemezo cyo kwiyandikisha gitangwa n'urwego rugenzura kimwemerera kuyabika mu mahanga.

Ese nkeneye uruhushya kugira ngo nkore ikigo cy'amakuru mu Rwanda?

Yego, serivisi z'ibigo by'amakuru zihabwa abakiriya zihabwa impushya na RURA hashingiwe ku itegeko rigenga ICT. Uruhushya rushyiraho inshingano za tekiniki, izo gutanga raporo n'izo kwishyura amafaranga, bityo rukwiye gusuzumwa hakiri kare mu igenamigambi ry'umushinga.

Ese AI ishobora gufata ibyemezo bikoreshwa n'imashini ku bakiriya mu Rwanda?

Ni mu rugero runaka gusa. Abantu bafite uburenganzira bwo kudafatirwa ibyemezo bishingiye gusa ku mashini bifite ingaruka zishingiye ku mategeko cyangwa zikomeye, keretse habayeho irengayobora, nko kwemera ku mugaragaro, iyo ari ngombwa ku masezerano cyangwa iyo byemewe n'itegeko hamwe n'ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda.

Umwanzuro

Amategeko agenga AI mu Rwanda asanzwe afite imbaraga binyuze mu mategeko yo kurengera amakuru bwite n'ay'impushya, kandi Ikigo gishya cy'Igihugu cya AI kigaragaza ko imiyoborere irambuye kurushaho iri mu nzira. Ibigo by'ubucuruzi bishushanya imiterere y'amakuru yabyo, bigakemura hakiri kare ibijyanye no kubika amakuru mu gihugu n'impushya, kandi bigakora amasezerano bitonze, ni byo bizaba bihagaze neza kugira ngo byungukire ku cyerekezo cy'u Rwanda cyo kuba ihuriro rikomeye rya AI.

Vugana na WAYAN ku bijyanye na serivisi zacu z'amategeko ku bya AI n'ibigo by'amakuru, cyangwa fata gahunda yo kugishwa inama n'itsinda ryacu kugira ngo dusuzume umushinga wawe wa AI cyangwa ishoramari ryawe mu kigo cy'amakuru mu Rwanda.